Pileflebitis en pediatría: un desafío diagnóstico / Pylephlebitis in pediatrics: A diagnostic challenge

La pileflebitis es definida como la trombosis supurativa de la vena porta como complicación de infecciones abdominales. En pediatría, la etiología más frecuente es la apendicitis, generalmente de diagnóstico tardío, que se presenta como sepsis, con una elevada mortalidad. Para el diagnóstico son necesarios métodos de diagnóstico por imágenes; los más utilizados son la ecografía Doppler y la angiotomografía. El tratamiento se basa en la intervención quirúrgica, la antibioticoterapia y la anticoagulación. Esta última tiene indicación controvertida, pero podría mejorar el pronóstico y disminuir la morbimortalidad. Se presenta un caso clínico de pileflebitis secundaria a sepsis por Escherichia coli con punto de partida en una apendicitis aguda, en un paciente pediátrico que evoluciona a la transformación cavernomatosa de la vena porta. Es de importancia conocer el manejo de esta entidad, ya que, una vez superado el cuadro inicial, requerirá un minucioso seguimiento por la posibilidad de evolucionar a la insuficiencia hepática.

Pylephlebitis is defined as suppurative thrombosis of the portal vein as a complication of abdominal infections. In pediatrics, the most frequent etiology is appendicitis, generally of late diagnosis, presenting as sepsis, with a high mortality rate. Imaging methods are necessary for diagnosis; the most common are the Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography angiography. Treatment is based on surgery, antibiotic therapy, and anticoagulation. The indication for the latter is controversial, but it may improve prognosis and decrease morbidity and mortality. Here we describe a clinical case of pylephlebitis secondary to Escherichia coli sepsis, which started as acute appendicitis in a pediatric patient who progressed to cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein. It is important to know the management of this disease because, once the initial symptoms are overcome, it will require close follow-up due to a potential progression to liver failure.

Enfermedad de Mondor del pene en un paciente joven / Mondor disease of the penis in a young patient

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 21 años de edad, con antecedente de herniorrafia inguinal derecha, quien asistió a consulta de control y refirió presentar una induración y dolor en la región dorsal del pene con 4 días de evolución, que había comenzado después de una relación sexual en la cual consumió marihuana. En el examen físico se encontró la vena dorsal del pene engrosada, dura y dolorosa a la palpación. Se le diagnosticó una enfermedad de Mondor del pene. La ecografía Doppler confirmó la tromboflebitis de esta vena. El paciente recibió tratamiento médico y evolucionó satisfactoriamente.

The case report of a 21 years patient with history of right inguinal herniorrhaphy is presented, who attended control visit and he made reference to an induration and pain in the dorsal region of the penis with 4 days of evolution that had begun after a sexual relationship in which he consumed marihuana. In the physical exam the penis dorsal vein was found thicken, hard and painful to the palpation. He was diagnosed a Mondor disease of the penis. The Doppler scanning confirmed the thrombophlebitis of this vein. The patient received medical treatment and had a favorable clinical course.

Flegmasía cerulea dolens. tratamiento con fibrinolisis sistémica / Phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Treatment with systemic fibrinolysis

Resumen La flegmasia cerulea dolens es una complicación rara y poco frecuente de la trombosis venos a profunda. Los principales factores predisponentes son los procesos neoformativos, estados de hiper coagulabilidad, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, embarazo, inmovilización prolongada y cirugías. Se caracteriza por edema masivo, dolor intenso y cianosis. Sin tratamiento evoluciona con isquemia, necrosis y amputación del miembro comprometido. No existe consenso en su tratamiento, pero éste debe ser rápido, multidisciplinario y agresivo. La anticoagulación con heparina, la fibrinólisis sistémica, la trombectomía percutánea con fibrinólisis local, la trombectomía quirúrgica, la fasciotomía, la colocación de filtro de vena cava inferior y la amputación son algunos de los tratamientos propuestos.

Abstract Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (FCD) is a rare complication of deep vein thrombosis. Its cause is unknown. The main predisposing factors for the disease are neoformative processes, hypercoagulable states, congestive heart failure, pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and surgeries on the affected limb. FCD is characterized by massive edema, severe pain, and cyanosis. The diagnosis is clinical. It is associated in most cases with pulmonary embolism and can lead to loss of the compromised limb if not treated in time. So far there is no consensus on its treatment. In clinical practice the use of anticoagulation with heparin, local thrombolysis, systemic fibrinolysis, surgical thrombectomy, fasciotomy, and inferior vena cava filter are described. In irreversible cases amputation is required. We present the case of a patient with FCD, the treatment performed and the evolution.

Enfermedad de Mondor y mamoplastías / Mondor's disease and mammoplasty

Resumen Objetivo: Revisar la incidencia de esta enfermedad en pacientes sometidos a mamoplastías en una clínicaprivada en el período de 11 años, con el fin de describir sus síntomas y signos, diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución. Materiales y Método: Se estudiaron 355 mujeres que se sometieron a mamoplastías estéticas. Se excluyó aquellas cirugías reconstructivas secundarias a cáncer de mama y aquellas con otros antecedentes oncológicos previos. La información fue recolectada de las fichas clínicas. Resultado: Se analizan 710 mamas operadas en el período 2008-2018, de las cuales seis mamas (6/710) evolucionaron con enfermedad de Mondor (0,8%). El diagnóstico se realizó clínicamente. Todos los casos recibieron terapia antiinflamatoria oral y local, respondiendo favorablemente. Discusión: Existe poca literatura publicada al respecto. Casos bilaterales son menos reportados. Pareciera asociarse con cirugías del surco submamario y no está claro que requiera curación terapéutica. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Mondor es infrecuente, puede presentarse secundario a mamoplastías, es de diagnóstico clínico y sólo tratamiento sintomático con evolución satisfactoria sin secuelas.

Aim: Review the disease incidence in patients who had mammoplasties in a private clinic on a 11 year-period. The purpose is to describe their symptoms and signs, diagnosis, treatment and evolution. Materials and Method: 355 women who underwent cosmetic mammoplasties were studied. Those reconstructive surgeries secondary to breast cancer and those with other previous oncological history were excluded. The information was collected from clinical files. Results: 710 breasts operated between 2008-2018 are analyzed, six of them (6/710) evolved Mondor disease (0.8%). The diagnosis was made clinically. All cases received oral and local antiinflammatory therapy, responding favorably. Discussion: There is a few published literature about it. Bilateral cases are less reported. It appears to be associated with surgeries of the submammary sulcus and it is not clear that it requires therapeutic cure. Conclusions: Mondor's disease is infrequent, can occur secondary to mammoplasty, diagnosis is clinical, treatment is symptomatic, all cases had satisfactory evolution without sequelae.

Massive thrombosis and phlegmasia cerulea dolens while taking rivaroxaban: case report and review / Trombose maciça e flegmasia cerúlea dolens durante o uso de rivaroxabana: relato de caso e revisão

Abstract Our study describes a fatal case of phlegmasia cerulea dolens and massive venous thrombosis in a patient taking rivaroxaban regularly to treat cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Blood tests samples were positive for lupus anticoagulant. The unique evolution of the case, as well as the positivity for lupus anticoagulant, raises the possibility of an acquired hypercoagulation syndrome. We highlight the fact that the test recommended as the first line for lupus anticoagulant diagnosis (dilute Russell viper venom time) is the most affected by rivaroxaban, leading to a high prevalence of false-positive results. We also discuss potential diagnoses for the current case and review the current state-of-the-art of use of the novel oral anticoagulation agents in this unusual situation. So far, there are no recommendations to use such agents as first options in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or in hypercoagulation syndromes.

Resumo Nosso estudo descreve um caso fatal de flegmasia cerúlea dolens e trombose venosa maciça em um paciente usando regularmente rivaroxabana para o tratamento de trombose de seio venoso cerebral. A investigação laboratorial foi positiva para o anticoagulante lúpico. A evolução única do caso aumenta a possibilidade de uma síndrome de hipercoagulabilidade adquirida, bem como a positividade para o anticoagulante lúpico. Destacamos o fato de que o teste recomendado como primeira linha para o diagnóstico de anticoagulante lúpico (veneno de víbora de Russel diluído) é o mais afetado pela rivaroxabana, levando a uma alta prevalência de resultados falso-positivos. Também discutimos os potenciais diagnósticos para o presente caso e revisamos o estado da arte atual dos novos agentes de anticoagulação oral usados nessa situação incomum. Até o presente momento, não há recomendações para o uso de tais agentes como primeira opção na trombose de seios venosos cerebrais ou nas síndromes de hipercoagulação.

Tromboflebitis séptica pelviana post cesárea / Septic pelvic thromboflebitis after cesarean section

RESUMEN Presentamos caso clínico de puérpera de cesárea de noveno día con cuadro febril en espigas, asintomática, en que se plantea desde su ingreso el diagnóstico de tromboflebitis séptica pelviana y se inicia tratamiento con antibióticos parenterales de amplio espectro y heparina de bajo peso molecular en dosis terapéuticas. La respuesta es a la mejoría al tercer día de tratamiento. Se discuten los métodos diagnósticos, el diagnóstico diferencial y el tratamiento.

ABSTRACT A case of a woman on her 9th post-operative day after childbirth by cesarean section (CS) consulting with febrile spikes, otherwise asymptomatic, is presented. The diagnosis of a septic pelvic thrombophlebitis is proposed from the admission and treated with parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotics and low-molecular-weight heparin at therapeutic doses. Patient significantly improved on her third day of treatment. The diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

An atypical presentation of leiomyosarcoma causing extremity compartment syndrome of the crural region in a Dutch Warmblood mare: a case report

Tromboflebitis superficial del pene: primer reporte de caso en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia y recomendaciones actuales de manejo / Superficial Vein Thrombosis of the Penis: A Case Report and Current Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management

La enfermedad de Mondor es una condición caracterizada por la presencia de tromboflebitis en varios segmentos corporales, fue descrita inicialmente por Henri Mondor en 1939 con descripciones de casos que afectaban la circulación venosa de la reja costal y las glándulas mamarias. Se alude a Braun-Falco en 1955 la primera mención de la trombosis superficial del pene, sin embargo, fue hasta 1958 cuando Helm y Hodge describieron el primer caso con compromiso urogenital masculine. Actualmente se cuenta con información limitada sobre la tromboflebitis superficial del pene (enfermedad peniana de Mondor), por lo tanto, el presente artículo describe el primer caso de tromboflebitis de la vena superficial del pene registrado en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia y expone una propuesta de abordaje terapéutico actual, basada en una revisión reciente de la literatura.

Superficial vein thrombosis was described by Henri Mondor in 1939. At the start of the experience, the disease affected the venous circulation of the thoracic wall and breasts; Helm and Hodge publicated the first report of penile Mondor's disease in 1958. Currently, there is very little clinical information about penile Mondor's disease. This article shown the first case report of penile Mondor's disease in Colombia and proposes a novel, as well as, current algortihm for management of this disease

Síndrome de Lemierre simulando síndrome paraneoplásico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Lemierre syndrome simulating signs and symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome: case report and literature review

El síndrome de Lemierre es una enfermedad rara, ocasionada por la complicación grave de una infección orofaringea que se manifiesta con una tromboflebitis séptica en la yugular interna y una embolización séptica a distancia. En principio, el síndrome cursa con fiebre, dolor en el área del ángulo de la mandíbula, inflamación de la región periamigdalina y un crecimiento unilateral del cuello luego de una infección en las estructuras de la cabeza y el cuello. En el artículo se presenta el caso de una mujer de 45 años quien consultó por una complicación infecciosa posterior a la realización de una exodoncia. El diagnóstico clínico se realizó con base en los signos y síntomas que indicaban tromboflebitis séptica del seno cavernoso. Se realiza antibióticoterapia con resultados positivos en la paciente y, como resultado, una mejoría total del estado de salud. Se presenta este caso por lo infrecuente de la entidad.

Lemierre syndrome is a disease caused by the serious complication of an oropharyngeal infection that manifests with septic thrombophlebitis in internal jugular and remote septic embolization. It presents with fever, pain in the area of the jaw angle, inflammation of the peritonsillar region and unilateral neck growth after an infection in the head and neck structures. We present the case of a 45-year-old woman who consulted due to an infectious complication after carrying out the extraction. The clinical diagnosis was made based on the signs and symptoms that indicated septic thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus. Antibiotic therapy is performed with positive results in the patient and total improvement of the state of health.

Microorganismos que colonizan los catéteres venosos centrales de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina intern / Microorganisms that colonize the central venous catheters of patients hospitalized in the internal medicine service of the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño hospital

La utilización de catéter venoso central produce, en ocasiones, infecciones de tipo local o sistémico, como la bacteriemia no complicada o complicada (bacteriemia persistente, tromboflebitis séptica, endocarditis y otras complicaciones metastásicas). En este estudio se dan a conocer las infecciones ocasionadas por el uso de Catéter Venoso Central (CVC), así como los microorganismos presentes en los pacientes. Métodos: La investigación fue de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con un diseño de investigación no experimental y tuvo la finalidad de conocer, en forma directa, la realidad de la problemática. Las unidades de observación fueron (188) historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron en el servicio de medicina interna en el hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño en el periodo comprendido entre enero y abril de 2017. Resultados: En 30 de los pacientes se realizó el cultivo de la punta del catéter venoso central. En el 67% no hubo crecimiento de microorganismos, mientras que el 33% crecieron microorganismos a las 24 horas. El 80% de las muestras cultivadas reportan la presencia de Cocos Gram positivos. Un 10% reportaron enterobacterias y un 10% reportan levaduras, finalmente con menor frecuencia pseudomona con un 0%. Conclusiones: Solo 78 pacientes ameritaron la colocación de un catéter venoso central, de los cuales se cultivaron 30 puntas de catéter, encontrándose que solo 10 de las puntas de catéteres dieron positivas para infección con crecimiento bacteriano a las 24 horas, siendo los cocos Gram positivos la principal bacteria aislada en los pacientes con CVC seguidos de enterobacterias(AU)

Intravascular catheterization is used for hemodynamic monitoring, hemodialysis, metabolic and nutritional support, fluid administration, chemotherapy and prolonged antibiotic therapy, blood and derivatives, among others. In this study, infections caused by the use of (CVC) central venous catheter are reported, as well as the microorganisms present in patients. Methods: The research was of a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional type, with a non-experimental research design and aimed to know, in a direct way, the reality of the problem. The observation units were (188) clinical records of the patients admitted to the internal medicine service at the Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital in the period between January and April 2017. Results In 30 of the patients, the culture of the tip of the central venous catheter. In 67% there was no growth of microorganisms, while 33% grew microorganisms at 24 hours. 80% of the cultivated samples report the presence of Gram-positive cocci. 10% reported enterobacteria and 10% reported yeast, finally with less frequency pseudomonas with 0%. Conclusions: Only 78 patients required placement of a central venous catheter, of which 30 catheter tips were cultured, finding that only 10 of the catheter tips were positive for infection with bacterial growth at 24 hours, with Gram-positive cocci. the main bacteria isolated in patients with CVCfollowed by enterobacteria(AU)

A Case of Lemierre's Syndrome, Misdiagnosed as a Simple Deep Neck Infection on Initial Ultrasonography Followed by an Abscess Aspiration Trial / 대한두경부종양학회지

Lemierre's syndrome is rare disease characterized by anaerobic sepsis, internal jugular vein thrombosis, septic emboli that resulted from head and neck infection. Lemierre's syndrome has significant morbidity, so immediate, accurate diagnosis and treatment is needed. It is necessary to perform contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis. Systemic antibiotics is recommended, and surgical interventions, anticoagulation may beis considered for treatment. We report misdiagnosed case as a simple deep neck infection on initial ultrasonography with simultaneous abscess aspiration but finally diagnosed and treated internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis (Lemierre's syndrome) on CT scan.We report a case of a 45-year-old patient, who was diagnosed with a simple deep neck infection and treated with simultaneous abscess aspiration, but finally diagnosed and treated internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis (Lemierre's syndrome) on CT scan.

Extensive Pylephlebitis and a Liver Abscess Combined with Streptococcus Intermedius Sepsis / 대한내과학회지

Pylephlebitis (septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system) is a rare but serious complication of intra-abdominal infections that drain into the portal venous system. Its diagnosis is based on imaging; computed tomography may reveal a thrombus in the portal vein. Bacteremia may also be evident. As the symptoms are nonspecific, early clinical diagnosis is difficult, and delayed treatment can compromise outcomes. We report a case with extensive pylephlebitis and a liver abscess associated with Streptococcus intermedius sepsis; the case was treated successfully with antibiotics and anticoagulants. Such cases have not been widely reported.

Síndrome de Lemierre: relato de caso / Lemierre syndrome: case report

síndrome de Lemierre caracteriza-se pela tromboflebite séptica da veia jugular interna, após uma orofaringite, com embolização séptica para o pulmão ou outros órgãos. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos uma paciente feminina, 37 anos de idade, com história de edema e dor em hemiface direita há três dias, associada a fadiga e dispneia progressiva há um dia. História de extração dentária do elemento 48 há três dias. No exame físico admissional, apresentava-se taquipneica, saturando 60% (em ar ambiente), com edema em ângulo da mandíbula direita, redução difusa do murmúrio vesicular e panturrilhas sem empastamento. Angiotomografia de tórax e exames laboratoriais foram compatíveis com quadro de embolia séptica, e tomografia computadorizada da cervical corroborou o diagnóstico de tromboflebite séptica da veia jugular interna. Foi tratada com antibióticos e sintomáticos. A síndrome de Lemierre afeta mais homens jovens e tem embolização para o pulmão em até 97% dos casos. Extrações dentárias raramente podem ser a etiologia dessa síndrome. A tomografia computadorizada é o método de imagem mais utilizado no diagnóstico, e o tratamento é, essencialmente, com antibióticos; portanto, a abordagem cirúrgica é raramente necessária

Lemierre syndrome is characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, after an oropharyngeal infection, with septic embolization to the lungs or other organs. This case report describes a 37-year-old female patient who presented with edema and pain in the right hemiface with onset 3 days previously and progressive fatigue and dyspnea since the previous day. She had had tooth 48 extracted 3 days previously. Physical examination at admission found tachypnea, with 60% saturation (in room air), edema at the angle of the right mandible, diffuse reduction of vesicular murmur, and calves free from clubbing. Angiotomography of the chest and laboratory tests were compatible with septic emboli, and cervical computed tomography confirmed a diagnosis of septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. She was managed with antibiotics and given treatment for her symptoms. Lemierre syndrome most often occurs in young men and there is embolization to the lungs in up to 97% of cases. Rarely, the etiology of this syndrome may be tooth extraction. Computed tomography is the imaging method most often used for diagnosis and treatment is basically antibiotic. Surgery is thus rarely necessary

Embolismo séptico: presentación de dos casos / Septic embolism: presentation of two cases

Introducción: El embolismo séptico es una enfermedad grave caracterizada por iniltrados pulmonares bilaterales aso-ciados a un foco infeccioso extrapulmonar. Se relaciona con endocarditis derecha, trombolebitis pelviana, accesos vasculares y a infecciones como osteomielitis, artritis séptica o piomiositis. El Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMR-AC) es un patógeno virulento y emergente, que afecta a sujetos sin factores de riesgo conocidos. Casos clínicos: Primer caso; Masculino 17 años de edad, sano, antecedente de herida por clavo en pie izquierdo. Inicia 15 días después iebre, disnea y expectoración hemoptoica. Segundo caso; Masculino de 26 años sano, con antecedente de absceso submandibular el cual fue dre-nado por el servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Una semana después reiere iebre, disnea, dolor torácico y expectoración hemoptoica. Discusión; El embolismo séptico se produce con la llegada al pulmón de productos infectados, con microorganismos que general-mente son bacterias. En pacientes graves, que requieren tratamiento endovenoso, las drogas de elección son vancomicina, linezolid, tigeciclina o daptomicina...(AU)

An elderly man with gastric cancer, Saint's triad and Heyde's syndrome / Un anciano con cáncer gástrico, tríada de Saint y síndrome de Heyde

This case study describes a 71-year-old man with signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant sigmoidal polyp; and typical features of Saint's triad and Heyde syndrome. He had digestive bleeding, two types of hernia, diverticulosis, arterial hypertension, malignant polyp, and antecedent of smoking, lung tuberculosis, and surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis. There is a hypothetical inverse relationship between herniosis and development of malignancy; however, the patient herein described presented gastric and sigmoidal cancers. Gastrointestinal malignancies are sometimes associated with paraneoplastic entities, isolated or manifested as syndromes, but neither Saint's triad or Heyde syndrome have been included. This patient persisted clinically stable during the preoperative period, but suddenly died; Trousseau's syndrome would be the most probable mechanism of sudden death in this setting. Case reports can stimulate further studies to get additional knowledge about unusual entities.

Este estudio de caso describe un hombre de 71 años de edad, con adenocarcinoma gástrico con células en anillo de sello y un pólipo maligno sigmoideo; y características típicas de la tríada de Saint y del síndrome de Heyde. Tuvo una hemorragia digestiva, dos tipos de hernias, divertículos, hipertensión arterial, y pólipo maligno; con antecedente de tabaquismo, tuberculosis pulmonar, y corrección quirúrgica de estenosis de la válvula aórtica. Hay una hipotética relación inversa entre hernioses y el desarrollo de malignidades; sin embargo, el paciente que se describe en el presente documento presentó cánceres gástrico y sigmoideo. Neoplasias gastrointestinales se asocian a veces con entidades para neoplásicas aisladas o manifiestan síndromes, pero ni la tríada de Saint ni el síndrome de Heyde se ha incluido. Este paciente persistió clínicamente estable durante el período preoperatorio, pero de repente murió; síndrome de Trousseau sería el mecanismo más probable de muerte súbita en esta situación. Los informes de casos pueden estimular más estudios para obtener un conocimiento adicional sobre esas entidades inusuales.

Tromboflebite jugular em equinos submetidos à laparotomia para o tratamento de afecção gastrointestinal / Jugular thrombophlebitis in horses subjected to laparotomy for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease

Afecções do trato gastrointestinal de equinos podem causar distúrbios de coagulação devido à concentração elevada de mediadores inflamatórios que estimulam a hemostasia e inibem a fibrinólise, gerando um estado de hipercoagulação. Equinos submetidos à laparotomia no tratamento da síndrome cólica permanecem com cateter venoso durante vários dias para a administração de fluidos e fármacos no período pós-operatório e, a veia jugular é o principal local para a implantação de cateteres. Assim, o trauma vascular persistente causado pelo cateter, associado ao ambiente pró-trombótico induzido pela afecção gastrointestinal, aumenta o risco para o desenvolvimento de tromboflebite jugular. Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e ultrassonográficas da veia jugular canulada com cateter de poliuretano durante o período pós-operatório de equinos submetidos à laparotomia. O cateter foi inserido de forma asséptica à admissão e permaneceu por sete dias. A avaliação ultrassonográfica revelou o desenvolvimento de tromboflebite em um equino, 48 após o procedimento cirúrgico. Os demais equinos demonstraram espessamento da parede vascular no local de punção e pequenos trombos junto ao cateter. A monitoração ultrassonográfica demonstrou que a cateterização prolongada em equinos submetidos à laparotomia, seguindo o protocolo proposto, minimiza a lesão vascular e pode prevenir a tromboflebite jugular.(AU)

Coagulation abnormalities are usually associated with equine gastrointestinal disease due to the increased levels of inflammatory mediators, which promotes hemostasis and inhibit fibrinolysis, creating a hypercoagulable state. Horses underwent laparotomy to treat colic usually require a venous catheter for several days to administrate fluids and drugs during the postoperative period, and the jugular vein is the most frequent site for catheterization. Therefore, the persistent vascular trauma caused by an implanted catheter, associated with the prothrombotic environment induced by the gastrointestinal disorder, increases the risk for the development of jugular thrombophlebitis. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate physical and ultrassonographic features of the jugular vein cannulated with a polyurethane catheter during the postoperative period of horses underwent colic surgery. The catheter was inserted aseptically on admission and dwell time was seven days. Upon ultrasound examination, one horse developed thrombophlebitis 48 hours after surgery and the other horses showed thickened venous wall at puncture site and small clots associated to the catheter. Ultrasound monitoration showed that long-term catheterization in horses underwent colic surgery following the present protocol minimizes vascular trauma and could prevent jugular thrombophlebitis.(AU)

Plasmocitoma: desafio diagnostico em paciente idosa com apresentação clínica atípica. relato de caso / Difficult to diagnose plasmocytoma with atypical clinical presentation in an older patient: a case report

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: O plasmocitoma é uma proliferação neoplásica de um clone de plasmócitos que produzem imunoglobulina monoclonal. O plasmocitoma solitário ósseo é definido pela presença de um plasmocitoma na ausência de múltiplas lesões osteolíticas ou outros achados compatíveis com mieloma múltiplo. O presente artigo relata o caso de uma paciente idosa que apresentou plasmocitoma ósseo solitário de esterno de difícil diagnóstico devido a manifestações clínicas atípicas e possível evolução para mieloma múltiplo. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 74 anos, do sexo feminino. Procurou atendimento médico por confusão mental, taquidispneia e dor torácica precordial em queimação, além de história de queda com trauma da região anterior do tórax. Na internação hospitalar evoluiu com hiponatremia refratária ao tratamento, tromboflebite superficial em membro superior esquerdo, celulite periorbitária, endoftalmite e osteomielite no esterno. A eletroforese de proteínas séricas teve como resultado o aumento policlonal na região das gamaglobulinas. A biópsia da lesão considerou achado compatível com plasmocitoma. Tomografia computadorizada de esqueleto não evidenciou lesões adicionais. Apresentou uma evolução ruim com insuficiência renal crônica agudizada por provável síndrome de lise tumoral, indo a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo vem ressaltar a importância da hipótese diagnóstica de plasmocitoma/mieloma múltiplo frente a um paciente idoso, com manifestação clínica diversificada, como anemia, insuficiência renal, fratura patológica e infecções de repetição, em vista de sua evolução e prognóstico.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Plasmacytoma is a neoplastic proliferation of a plasma cell clone which produces monoclonal immunoglobulin. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone is defined by the presence of a single plasmacytoma in the absence of multiple osteolytic lesions or other findings compatible with multiple myeloma. We report an older patient with solitary plasmacytoma of the sternum associated with atypical clinical findings which complicated diagnosis and possible progression to multiple myeloma. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old woman sought medical care due to mental confusion, tachydyspnea, and chest pain after a fall with blunt trauma to the anterior chest. During admission, the patient developed refractory hyponatremia, superficial thrombophlebitis in the left upper limb, periorbital cellulitis, endophthalmitis, and sternal osteomyelitis. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. Biopsy result was compatible with plasmacytoma. A computed tomography scan showed no additional lesions. Progression was poor, with chronic renal failure exacerbated by probable tumor lysis syndrome, resulting in death. CONCLUSION: The present findings emphasize the importance of considering a diagnostic hypothesis of plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma in older patients with a set of varied clinical signs, such as anemia, renal failure, pathological fracture, and repetitive infections

Lemierre Syndrome in Adolescent with Active Ulcerative Colitis / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-recognized risk factor for thrombotic events in adults but data on children are scarce. In the great majority of adult patients, thrombotic events are usually deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Other sites such as jugular veins are extremely rare. We present a case of Lemierre syndrome in an adolescent girl with active ulcerative colitis and discuss possible risk factors. This is the first reported case of severe Lemierre syndrome with thrombus extension to cranial veins in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Early recognition of Lemierre syndrome in patients who present with rapidly worsening symptoms of neck pain, fever and signs of pharyngitis is imperative because it increases a chance of favorable prognosis. It is important for pediatricians treating IBD patients not to underestimate possible thrombotic events in children with IBD. Recognition of additional risk factors is crucial for prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment.

An atypical case of Lemierre syndrome following oropharyngeal infection / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Lemierre syndrome is characterized by anaerobic bacterial infection in the head and neck and clinical or radiological evidence of internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis. The most common pathogens are Fusobacterium species, particularly Fusobacterium necrophorum. Septic emboli resulting from infected thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein leads to metastatic infections involving lung, liver, kidney, bone and central nervous system. The accurate diagnosis and treatment is important because it may be associated with a high mortality rate if untreated. We present a case of 28-year-old man with an atypical history for the diagnosis of Lemierre syndrome, which showed no definite evidence of internal jugular thrombophlebitis.

Tratamiento de Flegmasía Cerúlea Dolens con Trombólisis: Reporte de caso / Treatment of Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens with Thrombolysis: Case report

La Flegmasía Cerúlea Dolens es una complicación rara y severa de la trombosis venosa profunda, que se manifiesta clínicamente con edema profuso, dolor y cianosis del miembro inferior afectado. La obstrucción masiva del sistema venoso determina un aumento de la presión de los compartimentos de la extremidad, que finalmente compromete la circulación arterial. Su tratamiento debe ser agresivo para evitar la gangrena y/o la muerte. Presentamos el caso de una paciente atendida en la Clínica La Sagrada Familia, Armenia ­ Colombia, quien consultó por cuadro clínico de edema progresivo en miembro inferior izquierdo, encontrando cambios isquémicos en falanges distales y edema grado III en miembro inferior izquierdo, con reporte de dúplex venoso con trombosis venosa profunda iliofemoral extensa izquierda y dúplex arterial con reducción de los flujos arteriales secundario a edema severo de tejidos blandos, se indica flebografía con trombólisis venosa por catéter regional en miembro inferior izquierdo con infusión continua de trombolítico. Con respectivos controles angiográficos a las 24 y 48 horas con recanalización del 80% de las venas iliaca, femoral y poplítea, se suspendió infusión y se retiró catéter, continuó anticoagulación con heparina no fraccionada hasta lograr paso a anticoagulación oral con posterior egreso hospitalario dado su evolución satisfactoria.

The Flegmasia Cerulea Dolens is a rare and severe complication of deep venous thrombosis, which manifests clinically with profuse edema, pain and cyanosis of the affected lower limb. The massive obstruction of the venous system is an increase in the pressure of the limb compartments, which compromises the arterial circulation. Your treatment should be aggressive to avoid gangrene and / or death. We present the case of a patient treated at La Sagrada Familia Clinic, Armenia - Colombia, who consulted for clinical picture of progressive edema in left lower limb, finding ischemic changes in distal phalanges and grade III edema in left lower limb, with report of duplex venous with deep left iliofemoral venous thrombosis and arterial duplex with reduction of arterial flow secondary to severe soft tissue edema, phlebography with venous thrombolysis is indicated by regional catheter in left lower limb with continuous thrombolytic infusion. With the respective angiographic controls at 24 and 48 hours with 80% recanalization of the iliac, femoral and popliteal veins, the infusion was interrupted and the catheter was withdrawn, anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin was continued until oral anticoagulation was administered, the hospital discharge was performed given its satisfactory evolution.